Pengaruh Konsentrasi Asam Fosfat (H₃PO₄) terhadap Struktur Pori dan Kinerja Adsorpsi Karbon Aktif Kulit Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) terhadap Metilen Biru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70716/purechem.v2i1.634Keywords:
Mangosteen Peel , Activated Carbon , Phosphoric Acid , Methylene Blue , AdsorptionAbstract
Mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) is an abundant lignocellulosic biomass waste with a high carbon content, making it a promising precursor for the production of activated carbon. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) concentration on pore structure development and the adsorption performance of mangosteen peel-derived activated carbon for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. Activated carbon was prepared through carbonization at 500 °C, followed by chemical activation using H₃PO₄ at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The resulting materials were characterized in terms of yield, moisture content, ash content, iodine number, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Adsorption performance was evaluated using batch adsorption experiments, while adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were analyzed using isotherm and kinetic models. The results demonstrated that increasing the H₃PO₄ concentration up to 30% significantly enhanced pore structure development, resultingin a specific surface area of 872 m²/g, a pore volume of 0.47 cm³/g, and an iodine number of 836 mg/g. Under these optimum conditions, the activated carbon achieved a methylene blue adsorption capacity of136 mg/g with a removal efficiency of 84.8%. Statistical analysis revealed that variations in H₃PO₄ concentration significantly affected the adsorption capacity (p = 0.0008). Adsorption equilibrium was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.978), with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 145.6 mg/g, whereas the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.986). These findings indicate that chemical activation with 30% H₃PO₄ represents the optimum condition for producing mangosteen peel-derived activated carbon with well-developed pore structures and high adsorption performance, highlighting its potential as an environmentally friendly adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.
References
Ahmad, M. A., Alrozi, R., & Wan Daud, W. M. A. (2008). Adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon
prepared from durian shell. Bioresource Technology, 99(18), 8638–8645.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.021
Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical
Engineering Journal, 156(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.013
Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2012). Factors affecting the carbon yield and adsorption capability of the
mangosteen peel activated carbon prepared by microwave assisted K₂CO₃ activation. Chemical
Engineering Journal, 180, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.002
Ho, Y. S., & McKay, G. (1999). Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochemistry,
34(5), 451–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00112-5
Ioannidou, O., & Zabaniotou, A. (2007). Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production— A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(9), 1966–2005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.013
Jain, S. N., Gogate, P. R., Naik, P. P., & Delekar, S. D. (2016). Efficient adsorption of methylene blue dye using activated carbon prepared from agricultural waste material. Journal of Environmental Chemical
Engineering, 4(1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.11.020
Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 1361–1403. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02242a004
Marsh, H., & Rodríguez-Reinoso, F. (2006). Activated carbon. Elsevier.
Nor, N. M., Chung, L. L., Teong, L. K., & Mohamed, A. R. (2013). Synthesis of activated carbon from
lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in adsorption. Journal of Environmental Chemical
Engineering, 1(4), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.09.017
Prahas, D., Kartika, Y., Indraswati, N., & Ismadji, S. (2008). Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by
H₃PO₄ chemical activation: Pore structure and surface chemistry characterization. Chemical
Engineering Journal, 140(1–3),32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.08.032
Razali, N. S., Abdulhameed, A. S., Jawad, A. H., AlOthman, Z. A., Yousef, T., Al-Duaij, O. K., & Alsaiari, N. S.
(2022). High-surface-area activated carbon derived from mango peels and seeds wastes via
microwave-induced ZnCl₂ activation for adsorption of methylene blue dyemolecules.
Molecules,27(20), 6947. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206947
Tan, I. A. W., Ahmad, A. L., & Hameed, B. H. (2008). Adsorption of basic dye on high-surface-area activated
carbon prepared from coconut husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 154(1–3), 337–346.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.031
Tran, H. N., You, S. J., & Chao, H. P. (2017). Fast and efficient adsorption of methylene green 5 on activated
carbon. Journal of Environmental Management, 188, 322–336.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.003
Yorgun, S., & Yıldız, D. (2015). Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from Paulownia wood
by chemical activation with H₃PO₄. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 53, 122–131.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.032
Zaini, M. A. A., Amano, Y., & Machida, M. (2021). Efficient removal of methylene blue using the mesoporous
activated carbon obtained from mangosteen peel wastes: Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic
studies. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 315, 110904.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.110904
Zaini, M. A. A., Amano, Y., & Machida, M. (2022). Mesoporous activated carbon from mangosteen (Garcinia
mangostana) peels by H₃PO₄-assisted microwave: Optimization, characterization, and adsorption
mechanism for methylene blue dye removal. Diamond and Related Materials, 129, 109389.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rindy Julyantika, Erna Purwantiningtyas, Yuliana Rahman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
