Factors Determining Blood Glucose Stability in Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Their Impact on Quality of Life in West Lombok

I Komang Sutrisna Budiyasa; Saimi Saimi; Lalu Abdul Khalik

doi:10.70716/mohr.v4i3.638

Authors

I Komang Sutrisna Budiyasa Pascasarjana Magister Administrasi Kesehatan, Qamarul Huda Badaruddin Bagu University, Indonesia
Saimi Saimi Pascasarjana Magister Administrasi Kesehatan, Qamarul Huda Badaruddin Bagu University, Indonesia
Lalu Abdul Khalik Pascasarjana Magister Administrasi Kesehatan, Qamarul Huda Badaruddin Bagu University, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70716/mohr.v4i3.638

Keywords:

diabetes mellitus, blood glucose stability, quality of life, determinants, primary health care

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a major public health challenge in primary care, particularly in rural areas where medication adherence, lifestyle practices, family support, diabetes education, and access to healthcare may affect glycemic control and quality of life. This study aimed to identify determinants of blood glucose stability and examine its association with quality of life among patients with T2DM receiving care at Community Health Centers in West Lombok Regency, Indonesia. This quantitative observational analytical study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted from January to April 2026 among 362 patients enrolled in the Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis). Data were collected using structured questionnaires, clinical records, and the Diabetes Quality of Life Clinical Trial Questionnaire and analyzed using chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression. Medication adherence (OR = 4.72; 95% CI: 2.91–7.66), family support (OR = 3.58), physical activity (OR = 2.89), diabetes education (OR = 2.41), diet (OR = 2.07), and access to healthcare (OR = 1.62) were significant determinants of blood glucose stability. Stable blood glucose was strongly associated with good quality of life (OR = 7.18; p < 0.001). These findings highlight the importance of integrated primary care interventions that strengthen medication adherence, family involvement, lifestyle management, diabetes education, and healthcare access to improve glycemic stability and quality of life among patients with T2DM in rural settings.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alzahrani, O., Fletcher, J. P., & Hitos, K. (2023). Quality of life and mental health measurements among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 21(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-023-02111-3

American Diabetes Association. (2024). Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care, 47(Supplement_1), S1–S321. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-SINT

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Cho, N. H., Shaw, J. E., Karuranga, S., Huang, Y., da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Ohlrogge, A. W., & Malanda, B. (2023). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 204, 110796.

Gallardo-Gómez, D., Salazar-Martínez, E., Alfonso-Rosa, R. M., Ramos-Munell, J., Del Pozo-Cruz, J., Del Pozo Cruz, B., & Álvarez-Barbosa, F. (2024). Optimal dose and type of physical activity to improve glycemic control in people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 47(2), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-0800

Garcia-Huidobro, D., Gutierrez, A., & Wyke, S. (2022). Effectiveness of family-based interventions for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Family Practice, 39(3), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmab150

Gordis, L. (2019). Epidemiology (6th ed.). Elsevier.

Huang, Y., Lin, J., Yu, X., Zheng, H., & Chen, L. (2022). Glycemic control and health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cohort study in Taiwan. Quality of Life Research, 31(4), 1089–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-021-03024-6

International Diabetes Federation. (2023). IDF diabetes atlas (10th ed.). International Diabetes Federation.

Jacobson, A. M., de Groot, M., & Samson, J. A. (1994). The evaluation of two measures of quality of life in patients with type I and type II diabetes. Diabetes Care, 17(3), 267–274.

Kassahun, T., Eshetie, T., & Gesesew, H. (2024). Factors associated with glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 17, 18.

Krass, I., Schieback, P., & Dhippayom, T. (2015). Adherence to diabetes medication: A systematic review. Diabetic Medicine, 32(6), 725–737.

Pamungkas, R. A., Chamroonsawasdi, K., & Vatanasomboon, P. (2022). Family support and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A community-based study in Indonesia.

Piragine, E., Petri, D., Martelli, A., Calderone, V., & Lucenteforte, E. (2023). Adherence to oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(5), 1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12051981

Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403

Saeedi, P., Salpea, P., Karuranga, S., Petersohn, I., Malanda, B., Gregg, E. W., Unwin, N., Wild, S. H., & Williams, R. (2022). Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 183, 109119.

Sapkota, S., Bhatt, C. P., & Sherpa, D. (2023). Medication adherence and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Shen, W., Kotsanos, J. G., Huster, W. J., Mathias, S. D., Andrejasich, C. M., & Patrick, D. L. (1999). Development and validation of the Diabetes Quality of Life Clinical Trial Questionnaire. Medical Care, 37(4 Suppl.), AS45–AS66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199904001-00008

Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., Stein, C., Basit, A., Chan, J. C. N., Mbanya, J. C., Pavkov, M. E., Ramachandaran, A., Wild, S. H., James, S., Herman, W. H., Zhang, P., Bommer, C., Kuo, S., Boyko, E. J., & Magliano, D. J. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional, and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 183, 109119.

Suniyadewi, N. W., Sufyanti, Y., Kurniawati, N. D., Agustin, N. L. P. I. B., & Rismayanti, I. D. A. (2023). Quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients in Indonesia: Systematic review. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 73(Supplement 2), S140–S147. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.Ind-S2-33

Teli, M., Thato, R., & Rias, Y. A. (2023). Predicting factors of health-related quality of life among adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. SAGE Open Nursing, 9, 23779608231185921. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231185921

Trikkalinou, A., Papazafiropoulou, A. K., & Melidonis, A. (2023). Type 2 diabetes and quality of life. World Journal of Diabetes, 14(6), 741–756.

Wardhani, V., Iskandar, I., & Ekawati, R. (2023). Geospatial analysis of diabetes mellitus management in rural community health centers: Evidence from West Nusa Tenggara.

World Health Organization. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization.