Hubungan Faktor Genetik, Lingkungan, dan Gaya Hidup terhadap Risiko Penyakit Kardiometabolik pada Populasi Indonesia

Kiki Fatmala Suaidi; Raqil Yusron

doi:10.70716/pjmr.v2i4.793

Authors

Kiki Fatmala Suaidi Program Studi Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Mataram
Raqil Yusron Program Studi Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Mataram

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70716/pjmr.v2i4.793

Abstract

Penyakit kardiometabolik, seperti penyakit jantung koroner, diabetes melitus tipe 2, hipertensi, dan sindrom metabolik, merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas di Indonesia. Risiko terjadinya penyakit tersebut dipengaruhi oleh interaksi kompleks antara faktor genetik, lingkungan, dan gaya hidup. Meskipun faktor genetik berkontribusi terhadap predisposisi individu, faktor lingkungan dan perilaku hidup merupakan determinan yang dapat dimodifikasi sehingga memiliki peran penting dalam upaya pencegahan. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan faktor genetik, lingkungan, dan gaya hidup terhadap risiko penyakit kardiometabolik pada populasi Indonesia berdasarkan bukti ilmiah terkini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan dengan menganalisis berbagai artikel penelitian nasional dan internasional yang membahas determinan genetik, lingkungan, serta gaya hidup terhadap kejadian penyakit kardiometabolik, khususnya pada populasi Indonesia. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa riwayat keluarga dan predisposisi genetik meningkatkan risiko penyakit kardiometabolik, namun pengaruh tersebut diperkuat atau dilemahkan oleh faktor lingkungan dan gaya hidup. Pola makan tinggi lemak dan gula, kebiasaan merokok, obesitas, kurang aktivitas fisik, kualitas tidur yang buruk, serta paparan lingkungan yang tidak sehat terbukti meningkatkan risiko kejadian penyakit kardiometabolik. Sebaliknya, penerapan gaya hidup sehat mampu menurunkan risiko bahkan pada individu dengan predisposisi genetik tinggi. Risiko penyakit kardiometabolik pada populasi Indonesia merupakan hasil interaksi multifaktorial antara faktor genetik, lingkungan, dan gaya hidup. Strategi pencegahan yang mengintegrasikan identifikasi risiko genetik dengan intervensi gaya hidup dan pengendalian faktor lingkungan perlu menjadi prioritas dalam kebijakan kesehatan masyarakat untuk menekan beban penyakit kardiometabolik di Indonesia.

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